Brady Collins
Vaccines are available to protect against certain STIs, including HPV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and mpox. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI, affecting around 79 million Americans, mostly in their early 20s or younger. It can cause genital warts, and more serious strains can lead to cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine protects against nine types of HPV and has been introduced in 140 countries. Hepatitis A is preventable with a vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccines are safe and effective, protecting against a serious disease that can cause liver cancer and liver failure. While there is currently no vaccine for herpes, research is underway, with several candidates in early clinical development.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of STIs with vaccines | 3 |
| Names of STIs with vaccines | HPV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B |
| Other names for HPV | Human Papillomavirus, Human Papilloma Virus |
| Common side effects of HPV vaccine | Pain, redness, swelling |
| Other side effects of HPV vaccine | Tiredness, headache, muscle pain |
| Number of HPV vaccine doses | 2 |
| Age HPV vaccine recommended | 11 or 12 |
| STI with a vaccine in development | HIV, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Mpox |
| STI with an antibiotic treatment | Syphilis |
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Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease that can cause death. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is most often spread through infected food or water. It can also be spread through close person-to-person contact, even if the infected person does not appear to be sick. Hepatitis A is less common in regions with good sanitation and effective water and sewage systems. However, it remains a significant health problem in parts of the world lacking such infrastructure.
The hepatitis A vaccine is safe and effective in preventing HAV infection. It works by causing the body to produce its own antibodies against the disease. Vaccination is recommended for all children between 12 months and 18 years of age in the United States, as well as for those travelling to or living in areas with moderate to high rates of hepatitis A. It is also suggested for people who are at increased risk of infection, such as men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs, and those with chronic liver disease. The vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the second dose administered at least six months after the first.
There are two types of hepatitis A vaccines: single-antigen and combination. The single-antigen vaccine protects only against hepatitis A, while the combination vaccine, called Twinrix, protects against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The combination vaccine is only recommended for adults aged 18 and older. The hepatitis A vaccine can cause minor side effects such as pain, redness, and tenderness at the injection site, as well as headaches. However, it has been given to millions of people without causing serious side effects.
Hepatitis A vaccination is an important tool in preventing the disease and reducing outbreaks. Cases of hepatitis A have declined significantly since the vaccine was introduced. However, outbreaks still occur, particularly among unvaccinated individuals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the recommended vaccination schedule and consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
In summary, the hepatitis A vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent hepatitis A infection. It is recommended for children, individuals at high risk, and those travelling to or living in affected areas. The vaccine has significantly reduced hepatitis A cases, but outbreaks still occur, emphasizing the importance of vaccination and adherence to the recommended schedule.
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Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is transmitted through blood, semen, and other body fluids. It can be passed from mother to child during birth, and through activities that involve skin puncture or contact with infected blood or body fluids. It is also the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide.
The hepatitis B vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection. It is recommended for all newborns, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. The vaccine is given in a series of two or three shots, depending on the brand, and it is important to receive all the required doses to be fully protected. The shots are typically administered one month apart for the two-dose series, and over a six-month period for the three-dose series. The hepatitis B vaccine is also available in combination with other vaccines.
The vaccine works by causing the body to produce its own antibodies against the disease. It does not contain any live virus or blood products, so it is impossible to get hepatitis B from the vaccine. The most common side effect is soreness at the injection site, and it is generally safe for pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it is important to consult a doctor before getting vaccinated, as there may be specific considerations based on medical history and other factors.
The hepatitis B vaccine has been proven to be effective in reducing the risk of infection and lowering the incidence of liver cancer, especially in countries with high rates of hepatitis B infection. It is recommended for individuals at high risk of HBV infection, including those with diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and those who are sexually active with multiple partners. It is also important for babies born to infected mothers to receive the first dose within the first 12 hours of life.
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HPV vaccine
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause cancers later in life. It is a group of viruses that infect the skin, with over 100 different types, some of which cause warts on the hands, feet, or genitals. Certain types of HPV can cause cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat (oropharyngeal cancer). HPV is difficult to spot as infected individuals may show no symptoms, and symptoms may develop years after infection.
The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent HPV infections and the development of cancer or genital warts. The vaccine is recommended for people aged 9 to 45, with the CDC advising that children receive two doses of the vaccine at ages 11-12, preferably before potential exposure to the virus. The HPV vaccine is most effective when administered during the preteen years, and it provides long-lasting protection. Children aged 9-14 who receive two doses of the vaccine less than 5 months apart will require a third dose. People aged 15-26 who start the series later will also need three doses, administered over 6 months. Vaccination is not typically recommended for individuals older than 26, but adults in this age group may decide to get the HPV vaccine after consulting with their doctor about their risk factors and the potential benefits.
There are several types of HPV vaccines, and the specific vaccine administered may depend on the individual's location. Gardasil-9 (9vHPV) is the vaccine distributed in the United States, protecting against nine HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). This vaccine has been the only HPV vaccine available in the United States since 2017 and provides the most comprehensive protection against HPV-related cancers and genital warts. In the past, other HPV vaccines, such as the quadrivalent Gardasil (4vHPV) and the bivalent Cervarix (2vHPV), were also licensed in the US. However, these vaccines are no longer available in the US but may still be accessible in other countries.
The HPV vaccine has significantly reduced the number of cervical pre-cancers in young women, and its protective effects have been shown to last for at least 12 years without evidence of decreasing over time. By the end of 2023, the HPV vaccine had been introduced in 140 countries, primarily high- and middle-income countries, as part of routine immunization programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set targets to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem globally by achieving high coverage for HPV vaccination, screening, and treatment of precancerous lesions, and cancer management.
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Mpox vaccine
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a rare disease caused by the mpox virus, which is related to the virus that causes smallpox. It is spread through close skin-to-skin contact, touching objects that have been used by someone with mpox, or by contact with respiratory secretions. The disease causes a painful or itchy rash that can appear anywhere on the body, and some people also experience flu-like symptoms.
The JYNNEOS vaccine is a live, non-replicating orthopoxvirus vaccine that can help protect against mpox. It is approved for use in individuals 18 years of age and older who are at high risk of mpox infection. The vaccine is given in two doses, with the second dose administered at least four weeks after the first. It can be administered subcutaneously (underneath the skin) or intradermally (between the layers of the skin). While the vaccine is considered safe, some people may experience side effects such as redness, itching, swelling, and pain at the injection site. These side effects typically last for several weeks.
The CDC and other health organizations recommend the mpox vaccine for individuals who are travelling to areas with ongoing mpox outbreaks or who are at risk of occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses, such as those working in healthcare or laboratory settings. It is important to note that even after vaccination, individuals should continue to avoid close contact with people who have mpox.
The development of the mpox vaccine represents a significant advancement in STI prevention. While there are currently limited vaccines available for the prevention of STIs, the mpox vaccine adds to the arsenal of tools available to protect against these infections.
In addition to the JYNNEOS vaccine, there is another FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of mpox: ACAM2000. This vaccine is a live, replicating vaccinia virus vaccine that is administered as a single dose. However, unlike JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 is associated with certain serious adverse reactions.
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Future vaccines
Currently, vaccines are available to protect against human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and mpox. However, researchers are working tirelessly to develop vaccines for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
The future of STI vaccines looks promising, with researchers actively working to develop vaccines for other common and severe STIs. While there are currently no vaccines for bacterial STIs, this is changing due to increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. Several promising vaccine candidates have been identified or are being investigated in pre-clinical or clinical trials.
Research into vaccines for herpes simplex virus (HSV) is advanced, with several candidates in early clinical development. HSV529, a novel live, replication-defective HSV-2, has shown promising results in animal models, reducing mortality, genital disease severity, and viral shedding. Phase I testing of HSV529 in HSV-2-seropositive and HSV-2-seronegative people and evaluation of genital immune responses is ongoing.
A phase 1 trial for a possible new chlamydia vaccine has shown encouraging results. Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs globally and can lead to serious health complications, including infertility, if left untreated.
Vaccines for gonorrhoea are also in development, with researchers investigating the use of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA. There is also evidence that the meningitis (MenB) vaccine provides some cross-protection against gonorrhoea.
While an HIV vaccine has proven difficult to develop due to the virus's ability to mutate quickly and damage the immune system, several vaccines have been tested in clinical trials.
Additionally, syphilis remains a target for vaccine developers, particularly given the increasing rates in certain populations.
The development and widespread availability of vaccines for more STIs will have a profound impact on global public health, helping to reduce the spread of these infections and lower the overall incidence of STIs.
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Frequently asked questions
There are currently vaccines available to protect against infection with HPV, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B.
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a very common STI passed by skin-to-skin contact during sex. Some types of HPV cause genital warts, and other more serious strains can lead to cervical cancer and other cancers.
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is most commonly passed through oral-fecal contact, which may occur during sex. It can be prevented through vaccination.
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is usually contracted through the exchange of infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, pre-ejaculate, and vaginal fluids. It can also be contracted by sharing drug paraphernalia or getting a tattoo with unclean equipment. Hepatitis B is preventable with vaccination.
