Trevor James
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues into its fifth year, access to vaccines in the US has become increasingly uncertain. Changes in government guidance and restrictions on eligibility have left many unsure about whether they need to get vaccinated, and if so, where they can get a shot. This guide will answer some of the most pressing questions about COVID-19 vaccines in the US as of Fall 2025.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Who should get the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine? | Adults 65 and older, people with underlying health conditions, people at high risk for severe COVID-19, people who have never received a COVID-19 vaccine, pregnant people, people who are breastfeeding, trying to get pregnant, or might become pregnant in the future. |
| Who might not need the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine? | Healthy people under the age of 65 without any high-risk conditions. |
| Who should discuss the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine with a healthcare provider? | Parents of children ages 6 months to 17 years, people with compromised immune systems, people with medical conditions or who take medications that dampen their immune system, people who have recently had COVID-19. |
| Where can you get the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine? | Doctor's office, pharmacy, or public health clinic. |
| What are the barriers to getting the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine? | Unclear or inconsistent government guidance, insurance coverage, availability at pharmacies, requiring a prescription. |
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What You'll Learn
COVID-19 vaccine eligibility
Currently, seniors aged 65 and older remain broadly eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine. However, the eligibility criteria for healthy adults and youths have become more restricted. Healthy individuals in this age group will generally need a prescription or recommendation from a healthcare provider to qualify for the vaccine. Underlying conditions such as asthma, obesity, or depression may be factors that influence eligibility for these individuals.
For immunocompromised individuals, vaccine recommendations remain consistent. The CDC advises that immunocompromised individuals should be fully vaccinated with an initial series and receive at least one dose of the updated vaccine. Additional doses can be considered, provided they are administered at least two months apart.
Pregnant individuals, breastfeeding individuals, those trying to become pregnant, or those who might become pregnant in the future are advised to get the COVID-19 vaccine. However, there have been conflicting statements and guidelines regarding vaccine eligibility for this group. Healthcare providers are still required to cover the cost of a child's vaccine if it is recommended by their healthcare provider.
It is important to note that vaccine eligibility guidelines can vary based on regional health authorities and the ongoing assessment of the pandemic. Individuals should refer to their local health organizations and official channels for the most up-to-date information regarding their specific circumstances.
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Vaccine availability
In the United States, vaccine availability has been a contentious issue, with the Trump administration's policies restricting access to vaccines and making cuts to public health spending. However, some states, like Massachusetts, have taken steps to ensure vaccine availability for their residents. Governor Maura Healey announced measures to safeguard vaccine access, including guaranteeing insurance coverage for vaccines recommended by the state, not just those recommended by the CDC. This ensures that residents can afford the vaccines they need. CVS and Walgreens are also working to make COVID vaccine appointments available in Massachusetts.
In North Carolina, the Division of Public Health (DPH) has informed providers about the availability of influenza vaccines for the 2025-2026 respiratory season. The flu vaccine is available for children aged 6 months to 18 years who are Vaccines for Children (VFC) eligible. Certain adult populations may also be eligible, as outlined in the NCIP Coverage Criteria. The state encourages providers to start their influenza vaccination planning early.
In Louisiana, vaccines are available at Parish Health Units and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC). The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program provides federally purchased vaccines at no cost to eligible children through enrolled health care providers. This ensures that children whose parents or guardians may not be able to afford vaccines have a better chance of getting their recommended vaccinations on schedule. Underinsured children can receive vaccines if served by a FQHC, Rural Health Clinic, or Office of Public Health.
Regarding COVID-19 vaccines, the CDC recommends the 2024-2025 vaccine for most adults aged 18 and older, especially those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to conceive. Parents of children aged 6 months to 17 years should discuss the benefits with a healthcare provider. The CDC also recommends that immunocompromised individuals receive the initial series of vaccines and at least one dose of the updated vaccine. For those who recently had COVID-19, it is advised to wait at least three months before getting the next vaccine dose.
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Vaccine cost
The cost of vaccines has been a topic of discussion and debate, with varying information available depending on the specific vaccine and location. In the context of COVID-19 vaccines, the cost for individuals has been influenced by insurance coverage and state regulations.
In the United States, the availability and cost of COVID-19 vaccines have been affected by changing recommendations and guidelines. Initially, most Americans could easily access COVID-19 vaccines at little to no out-of-pocket cost, typically through their local pharmacies. However, with the Trump administration's changes in vaccine guidance, the landscape has shifted. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s statement that "everybody can get the COVID-19 vaccine" is considered misleading and premature by experts.
The cost of the COVID-19 vaccine is estimated to be around $142, according to the CDC's price lists. However, the actual out-of-pocket expense for individuals may vary depending on insurance coverage. Insurers are no longer required to cover the cost of vaccines for healthy adults under 65 or healthy pregnant individuals due to narrowed vaccine recommendations. This has resulted in varying levels of vaccine access and cost across different states. In some states, pharmacies are no longer able to offer the vaccine, while others require a doctor's prescription, creating additional barriers and potentially increasing costs.
The situation is further complicated by the recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to vaccinate children aged 6 months and older, as well as pregnant individuals. This contradicts Kennedy's statement that the CDC no longer recommends vaccination for "healthy" pregnant people. The CDC's list of high-risk conditions includes pregnancy, causing confusion and uncertainty in vaccine availability and cost for this specific group.
It is important to note that the cost and accessibility of vaccines can change over time due to various factors, including updates in medical knowledge, public health policies, and insurance regulations. Therefore, individuals should refer to the most recent information provided by official health organizations and consult their healthcare providers for personalized advice regarding vaccine costs and recommendations.
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Vaccine recommendations
The CDC recommends the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine for most adults aged 18 and older. This includes individuals who have previously contracted COVID-19 or received a previous vaccine. The CDC also recommends that parents of children aged 6 months to 17 years consult with a healthcare provider to discuss the benefits of vaccination.
For those who have recently recovered from COVID-19, the CDC advises waiting at least three months before receiving the next vaccine dose. This allows the immune response to remain effective during this period.
Pregnant, breastfeeding, or individuals planning a pregnancy are encouraged to get the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine. The CDC includes pregnancy in its list of high-risk health conditions that qualify a person for vaccination.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants and children aged 6 months to 23 months receive the updated COVID-19 vaccine as they are at high risk of severe illness. Additionally, the group advises that children aged 2 to 18 should be offered the vaccine if their parents or guardians wish for them to be inoculated.
Individuals under the age of 65 without any high-risk conditions may still be able to receive the COVID-19 vaccine but may require a doctor's consultation.
It is important to note that vaccine recommendations may vary based on an individual's specific circumstances, and it is always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
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Vaccine hesitancy
The topic of whether individuals have to disclose their vaccination status has become increasingly contentious, with varying opinions and regulations across different regions. This issue is closely tied to the concept of "vaccine hesitancy," which refers to the reluctance or refusal of some individuals to receive recommended vaccinations. Vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a significant challenge in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with far-reaching implications for public health and societal cohesion.
Additionally, the success of vaccination programs in eradicating or significantly reducing certain diseases has resulted in a form of cultural amnesia. As diseases like smallpox and polio became distant memories due to the overwhelming success of vaccination campaigns, people began to underestimate the severity of these illnesses. This lack of personal experience with the devastating impacts of these diseases has led to a decrease in the perceived benefits of immunization, contributing to vaccine hesitancy.
Furthermore, vaccine-hesitant individuals often exhibit heuristic thinking, weighing the risks against the benefits of vaccination incorrectly. For example, some illnesses like influenza remain common, yet vaccine-hesitant individuals may mistakenly perceive them as non-threatening. This perception persists despite clear evidence that influenza poses a significant threat to human health, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year in the United States alone.
The influence of the anti-vaccination movement cannot be understated. Despite scientific consensus refuting their claims, they continue to promote myths and conspiracy theories that contribute to vaccine hesitancy. This has led to a measurable impact on public health, such as the major measles outbreak in the United States Southwest in 2025, which occurred in an area with low measles immunization rates.
To address vaccine hesitancy, it is crucial to provide accurate and transparent information about vaccine safety and effectiveness. Initiatives like the public health alliance formed by California, Oregon, and Washington aim to counter misinformation by providing credible information about vaccine safety. By empowering individuals with knowledge and addressing their concerns, we can strive to increase vaccination rates and protect public health.
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Frequently asked questions
This depends on your local laws and regulations. In some places, you may be required to disclose your vaccination status to access certain spaces or services. It is best to refer to your local guidelines.
Similar to the above, this depends on your local laws and regulations. Some places may require proof of vaccination for children to attend school or access certain spaces or services.
Again, this depends on your local laws and regulations. In some places, you may not be required to disclose your vaccination status unless you wish to access certain spaces or services that require proof of vaccination.
No, you should not have to disclose your full medical history to anyone unless you choose to. When disclosing your vaccination status, you may be asked about certain relevant medical conditions, but you are not obligated to provide a full medical history.
Yes, in many places, businesses and venues can deny you entry or service if you cannot provide proof of vaccination. This may include restaurants, bars, gyms, travel services, and more. Refer to your local guidelines for specific information.
