Logan Reed
As of 2021, vaccination is not a requirement for flying domestically in the US. However, for international travel, some countries may require visitors to be vaccinated against COVID-19. While the CDC recommends delaying travel until individuals are fully vaccinated, it is not mandatory for flying within the US. People travelling to the US from foreign countries, regardless of vaccination status, must present a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than three days before departure. Additionally, US citizens and permanent residents returning to the country must provide proof of recovery or a negative test, with limited exceptions for emergencies. Notably, there was opposition to a bill proposing mandatory vaccination for air travel in the US, with petitions emphasizing the importance of freedom to travel without forced vaccination.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Vaccination requirement for flying to the US | Non-US citizens must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 |
| Vaccination requirement for flying within the US | No vaccination required |
| Vaccination requirement for flying from the US to a foreign country | Depends on the destination |
| Vaccination requirement for flying to Canada | Must be fully vaccinated |
| Vaccination requirement for flying to Hawaii | Must be fully vaccinated or have a negative COVID test |
| Vaccination requirement for flying to New York City | No vaccination required |
| Vaccination requirement for flying to Iceland | Must be fully vaccinated |
| Vaccination requirement for flying to France and Italy | Strict entry requirements |
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What You'll Learn
Flying to the US from another country
As of November 8, 2021, all non-US citizen air travellers to the United States are required to be fully vaccinated from COVID-19 and to provide proof of vaccination status before boarding a plane to the US. This applies to all non-US citizen, non-immigrant passengers aged 2 and above arriving from a foreign country. Unvaccinated travellers may still enter the US if they meet certain exceptions, such as diplomatic or official foreign government travel, humanitarian or medical emergency, or if they are a member of the US Armed Forces. Children under 18 years of age who are not US citizens or immigrants will need to fill out an attestation form agreeing to arrange a COVID-19 test 3 to 5 days after arrival but will not need to quarantine.
In addition to vaccination status, travellers to the US may also need to provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test (antigen or PCR) taken within one calendar day of departure, or proof of recent recovery from COVID-19. This applies to all travellers aged 2 and above, including US citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents ("Green Card" holders).
It is recommended that travellers check the specific requirements for their destination within the US, as some states require proof of residency for vaccine eligibility. For example, New York, Utah, and Nebraska mandate proof of residency, while Alabama, Arizona, California, and several other states do not.
Furthermore, travellers should be aware that individual airlines may have their own specific requirements for vaccination and testing, so it is important to review the guidelines provided by the airline before departure.
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Flying domestically within the US
Whether or not you need to be vaccinated to fly depends on where you are travelling. If you are flying domestically within the US, you do not need to be vaccinated or show proof of vaccination to fly. However, the CDC recommends that all flyers be fully vaccinated before travelling.
If you are a non-US citizen who is a non-immigrant (not a US citizen, US national, lawful permanent resident, or travelling to the US on an immigrant visa), you will need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19 before travelling to the US by air from a foreign country. You are considered fully vaccinated on the 14th day after the vaccination series was completed.
If you are travelling within the US to a particular state or city, you may need to show proof of vaccination or a negative COVID test to enter certain indoor events or businesses. For example, New York City discourages the unvaccinated and partially vaccinated from travelling to the city for indoor events. Similarly, travellers flying to Hawaii will need to show proof of a negative COVID test or proof of full vaccination to waive the mandatory quarantine.
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Flying to Canada
As of November 2022, international tourists can travel to Canada regardless of their vaccination status. Passengers do not need to show proof of full vaccination to enter the country. Before October 1, 2022, foreigners had to submit health information through the ArriveCan platform and present proof of vaccination. Passengers no longer need to qualify as fully vaccinated to travel to Canada.
However, Canada's vaccination requirements have been inconsistent since the pandemic began. In May 2021, Canadians were flying to the US to get vaccinated due to declining vaccine demand there. In December 2021, Travel Canada noted that unvaccinated children under 12 years and four months did not require a COVID-19 test to travel within or depart from Canada. However, international destinations may have different requirements, and Canadians were advised to be ready to show proof of vaccination at any point in their journey.
In April 2022, there was a mandatory vaccination requirement to board any plane in Canada, which applied to all flights departing from Canadian airports. However, unvaccinated Canadians were entering the US by land and through foreign airlines serving Canada, as the US had not set up any mechanism to give preferential treatment to vaccinated visitors.
As of November 2022, there are no longer any COVID-19-related travel restrictions for entering Canada. Visitors are advised to check the latest information for the province they are visiting, as local measures may vary.
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Flying to Europe
Whether or not you need to be vaccinated to fly depends on where you're travelling. If you're flying to Europe, there are a few things to keep in mind. Firstly, the CDC and WHO recommend that travellers to Europe be vaccinated for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid, rabies, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap), influenza, chickenpox, shingles, pneumonia, meningitis, and polio. These are routine vaccinations that are advised for travel to Europe, and it is recommended that you ensure your vaccinations are up to date before your trip.
Additionally, regarding COVID-19 vaccination requirements, it is important to note that as of 2021, vaccine passports may be required for travel to certain countries in Europe. While the airline industry has stated that they do not believe vaccination should be mandatory for travel, some countries may have specific requirements. For example, many European countries do not consider travellers fully vaccinated if more than 270 days have passed since their last vaccine dose, which means that a booster shot may be necessary to be considered fully vaccinated for travel to Europe. Therefore, it is essential to check the specific entry requirements for your destination country, as these can vary.
It is also worth noting that the CDC recommends allowing 4-6 weeks after getting vaccinated to ensure the vaccines have time to start working and provide protection during travel. This time buffer also allows for vaccines that require multiple doses. As such, it is important to plan ahead and consult with a healthcare provider to ensure you have the necessary vaccinations and documentation before your trip to Europe.
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Flying to Hawaii
Hawaii has specific requirements for entry that you should be aware of when planning your trip.
Firstly, if you are travelling with a dog, there are strict rules in place to ensure that Hawaii remains rabies-free. Your dog must have had two rabies vaccinations in its lifetime, with at least 30 days between each vaccination. The latest vaccination must have been administered at least 30 days before arrival in Hawaii, and no more than 90 days prior. You will need to provide two original copies of the vaccination certificates. Dogs must also pass a rabies blood test to prove that the vaccination was successful, unless they are travelling from the British Isles, Australia, Guam, or New Zealand. All dogs must also be microchipped and treated for ticks within 14 days of arrival. A health certificate and import permit must be sent to the Animal Quarantine Branch within 14 days of arrival.
In terms of human travel to Hawaii, as of July 8, 2021, fully vaccinated people from the mainland US no longer need to pre-test or quarantine upon arrival. However, for those who are not fully vaccinated, a pre-travel testing requirement is still in place. Passengers must provide proof of a negative test result, taken no more than 72 hours before the final leg of the trip to Hawaii. This must be uploaded to the Safe Travels program. Those who are neither vaccinated nor provide a negative test result will be required to quarantine upon arrival.
It is important to note that these requirements may change, and you should always check the latest government advice before travelling.
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Frequently asked questions
No, you don't need to be vaccinated to fly in the US. However, the CDC recommends delaying travel until you are fully vaccinated. Masks are mandatory on flights, regardless of vaccination status.
Non-US citizens who are non-immigrants need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19 before flying to the US. There are exceptions for certain visa holders, diplomats, children under 18, and people with medical contraindications. All travellers to the US, regardless of vaccination status, must present a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than three days before travel.
It depends on the requirements of your destination country. Some countries may require visitors to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Check the rules of your destination before travelling.
This depends on the country and local regulations. For example, in Spain, Americans do not need to be vaccinated to enter the country. Always check the latest travel advice for your destination.
