Logan Reed
On April 21, 2021, the Indian government released data on the number of people who tested positive for COVID-19 after receiving the first and second doses of Covaxin. The data revealed that over 21,000 people tested positive after the first dose, while 0.04% of people, or 695 individuals, tested positive after the second dose. Experts have stressed that the risk of infection remains even after vaccination, and protective measures such as social distancing, masking, and hand hygiene should continue to be practiced. The government has not disclosed the timeframe between vaccination and positive COVID-19 tests, and the overall percentage of those testing positive after vaccination is considered very low.
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What You'll Learn
- The percentage of people testing positive after Covaxin is very low
- Vaccines reduce the risk of infection and prevent death and severe infection
- Pregnant women with COVID-19 have an increased risk of severe illness
- Protective antibody titers are expected to last for 6-12 months
- Social distancing, masking and hand hygiene are to be continued post-vaccination
The percentage of people testing positive after Covaxin is very low
On April 21, 2021, the Indian government released data on the number of people who tested positive for COVID-19 after receiving their first or second dose of Covaxin. The data revealed that a very low percentage of people, only 0.04%, tested positive for the virus after taking the second dose of Covaxin. This equates to 695 out of 17,37,178 individuals who received the second dose.
Furthermore, out of the 93 lakh people who received the first dose of Covaxin, only 4,208 (0.04%) contracted the infection. This means that for every 10,000 individuals, only four people got infected.
While these numbers demonstrate a very low risk of infection after vaccination, it is important to note that there is still a risk. Health authorities stress the importance of continuing to follow COVID-appropriate behaviour even after receiving the vaccine. This includes social distancing, masking, and maintaining hand hygiene.
Additionally, it is worth noting that the time duration between the two doses of a vaccine can impact its efficacy. In the case of Covaxin, no changes have been made to the duration between the first and second doses. However, for the Covishield vaccine, the Union Cabinet declared that the second dose should be administered between 4 to 8 weeks after the first dose for greater effectiveness.
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Vaccines reduce the risk of infection and prevent death and severe infection
As of April 2021, over 21,000 people tested positive for COVID-19 after taking the first dose of either Covishield or Covaxin, while over 5,500 contracted the infection after taking the second dose. However, experts have stated that the percentage of such people is "very low". For Covaxin, 0.04% of people tested positive after the second dose, while for Covishield, the percentage was 0.03%.
Research has shown that COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in reducing the severity and mortality of breakthrough infections. For example, a study led by Johns Hopkins Medicine found that fully vaccinated participants had lower concentrations of inflammatory markers than unvaccinated participants during symptomatic COVID-19 and recovery. This suggests that vaccination is associated with reduced inflammation, which could explain the lower severity and mortality rates observed in vaccinated individuals.
Furthermore, the three COVID-19 vaccines authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States prevent COVID-19 hospitalization by at least 89%. While breakthrough cases can occur, they are rare and tend to be milder than in unvaccinated individuals. As of July 6, 2021, the CDC reported that out of more than 157 million fully vaccinated individuals, there were 4,909 hospitalizations and 988 deaths due to breakthrough infections.
In summary, COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in reducing the risk of infection, hospitalization, and death. While breakthrough infections can occur, they are rare and tend to result in milder symptoms. Vaccination also helps to protect the wider community by reducing the spread of the virus and building herd immunity.
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Pregnant women with COVID-19 have an increased risk of severe illness
Pregnant women are at an increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19 compared to non-pregnant women. They are also at a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal death. A study of 8207 pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed an increased risk for ICU admission and mechanical ventilation compared to non-pregnant women. The mortality rate, however, was similar. Another systematic review of 117 published reports involving 11,758 pregnant women from high- and middle-income countries found a mortality rate of 1.30%, with a severe pneumonia rate of 0-14%. The majority of patients were admitted to the ICU.
The ACOG recommends maternal vaccination against COVID-19, stating that the vaccines are "completely safe" during pregnancy and protective for both mother and infant. The CDC, however, does not recommend routine COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.
Regarding the Covaxin vaccine, there have been cases of individuals testing positive for COVID-19 even after receiving their doses. For instance, 0.04% of 17,37,178 individuals who received the second dose of Covaxin tested positive for COVID-19. Similarly, 0.03% of 1,57,32,754 people who took the second dose of Covishield, another vaccine used in India, contracted the infection. These cases are known as "breakthrough infections". Despite these occurrences, vaccines have been shown to reduce the risk of infection and prevent death and severe infection.
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Protective antibody titers are expected to last for 6-12 months
Interim findings from Phase 2 trials of Covaxin, India's first indigenously developed Covid-19 vaccine, suggest that the vaccine may offer protection against Covid-19 for 6 to 12 months. The vaccine, BBV152, was developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Institute of Virology.
The Phase 2 trial results indicate that Covaxin can generate protective antibody titers that are expected to last for 6-12 months. Antibody titers refer to the concentration level of antibodies in the blood, and higher neutralizing antibody titers were observed in the Phase 2 study compared to Phase 1. This suggests that the vaccine may provide longer-lasting protection against Covid-19.
In the Phase 2 trial, 380 healthy children and adults were randomized to receive two vaccine formulations (190 participants in each group) with different doses (3 µg or 6 µg) of the vaccine with Algel-IMDG, a vaccine adjuvant. The vaccine was administered intramuscularly at a 28-day interval between doses. The results showed that both formulations elicited a Th1-biased cytokine response, which is important for cell-mediated immunity. Importantly, no significant differences in neutralizing antibody titers were observed between sexes and across age groups, indicating that the vaccine may be effective in a diverse population.
While the Phase 2 trial results are promising, it is important to note that the research paper has not yet been peer-reviewed. However, the findings suggest that Covaxin may offer longer-lasting protection compared to some other Covid-19 vaccines. Further research and larger clinical trials will be crucial to confirm the duration of protection provided by Covaxin and to compare its effectiveness with other available vaccines.
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Social distancing, masking and hand hygiene are to be continued post-vaccination
As of April 2021, over 21,000 people tested positive for COVID-19 after taking the first dose of Covaxin, while 695 people tested positive after the second dose. This accounts for 0.04% and 0.03% of the total number of people vaccinated with the first and second doses, respectively. Experts have noted that this percentage is "very low".
While vaccines reduce the risk of infection and prevent death and severe infection, there is still a risk of infection after vaccination. Therefore, it is important to continue practising social distancing, masking, and hand hygiene even after getting vaccinated. These measures work in conjunction with vaccines to protect against COVID-19 and prevent the spread of the virus.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), emphasised this point during a COVID-19 update:
> It’s not vaccines instead of masks. It’s not vaccines instead of distancing. It’s not vaccines instead of ventilation or hand hygiene. Do it all. Do it consistently. Do it well.
The emergence of new variants, such as Omicron, further underscores the importance of maintaining these preventive measures alongside vaccination. Omicron has been reported to spread at a faster rate than previous variants, and the sheer number of cases could overwhelm unprepared health systems, as stated by Tedros.
Therefore, it is crucial to adhere to social distancing, masking, and hand hygiene guidelines in addition to getting vaccinated to protect oneself and others from COVID-19 effectively.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, it is possible to test positive for COVID-19 after taking the Covaxin vaccine.
0.04% of people tested positive for COVID-19 after receiving the second dose of Covaxin.
It is recommended to wait for at least four weeks after recovering from COVID-19 symptoms before taking the second dose of the vaccine.
Currently, there is no recommendation for booster shots after completing the primary schedule. Protective antibodies are expected to last for 6-12 months.
Yes, it is important to follow COVID-19 appropriate behaviour even after taking the vaccination. This includes social distancing, masking, and maintaining hand hygiene.
